“Bone Structure Unlocking the Secrets : A Comprehensive Guide”

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Welcome to our comprehensive guide on bone structure, where we delve into the intricate secrets hidden within your skeletal framework. From understanding the basics of bone composition to exploring the fascinating intricacies of bone formation and function, this guide is your key to unlocking a deeper knowledge of the body’s foundation. Whether you’re a curious individual or a healthcare professional seeking insights, join us on a journey to unravel the mysteries of bone structure and its significance in maintaining overall health and well-being.

No matter what type of bone is examined, its internal structure is very similar.

1. A central canal called the Haversian Canal.
2. Lamellae around the canal. These provide bone nutrition.
3. Lacunae It contains volatile material or mainly calcium which is why bones are hardened.
4. Canaliculi- These are large and live on all four sides of the Haversian Canal. They also work to carry nutrients. Through these one canal is connected to the other.

When the bone is cut, the Haversian canal can be seen inside and all these canaliculi have gone through the middle of the bone exactly vertically. Through them, narrow arteries, nerve fibers, etc. can pass through the bones.

5. Periosteum- This is the hard covering on the top of the bone. It contains more calcium, so it is harder! If there is an operation and all the parts of this soft bone are removed, but the periosteum is fine, then the new bone will be formed from it.

Bone material

Bones are mainly made up of 4 components, namely-

1. Periosteum 2. Compact 3. Spongy Tissue 4. Bone Marrow.

Now if we analyze all these issues and see that what is found in the bones is-

1. 25 percent water. 2. 75 percent solids.

They can be mainly divided into two parts. That is-

1. Organic or Organic is mainly 30 percent protein. There are three types of proteins – a) Ossein b) Osseomucoid c) Osseoalbumoid dye protein.
2. Inorganic matter is 45 percent. The main ones are calcium and magnesium. It also contains very little sodium, potassium, chlorine, fluorine, lithium, and strontium. Calcium is in the form of carbonate and phosphate. Contains magnesium and phosphate.

Bone inorganic matter

Tricalcium phosphate – 35 percent

Calcium carbonate – 5.8 percent

Magnesium phosphate- 0.9 percent

Other inorganic parts – 9.3 percent

Burned ash (excluding water and organic)

Tricalcium phosphate – 10 percent

Calcium carbonate- 13 percent

Magnesium phosphate- 2 percent

Other inorganic parts – 5 percent

About half of the weight of bone is therefore made up of calcium salts. Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, however, do not exist separately. They live together. Bone formation and growth are particularly disrupted when there is a lack of calcium in the body.

Development

As mentioned earlier, most of the body at birth contains cartilage. As they age, they turn into bones. He is called Ossification.

1. Membranous– The flattening of the skull becomes bone after asphyxiation from all bone membranes.
2. Cartilaginous– The cartilage on the side of the long bone is turned into the bone after all. This work usually lasts for 25 years and then never goes away. So after 25 years, the body does not grow taller. At that time, if the growth hormone of the pituitary is released, then the size of the skull increases towards the front and makes the shape of the face awkward. It is called Acromegaly.

Functions

1. These bones form the structure of the body and support the body.
2. 2. They are needed for body movement, walking, jumping.
3. The cage-like parts made of these bones protect the main organs of the body.
4. These bones protect the metabolism and electrolytic balance of calcium-phosphorus in the body.
5. Detoxycating has a function on these bones. Lead, chlorine, arsenic, radium, etc. are removed from the body and stored in the bones.
6. Bone marrow in the middle of the work of forming red blood cells.
7. These form the basis of muscle restraint.
8. These bones are the shelter of reticuloendothelial cells. They help in the formation of leukocytes.
9. The first part of breathing and digestion helps in food intake by creating nostrils and mouth cavities. It is possible to speak with the mouth.
10. The sound enters through its hole. The first part of the ear with two holes on either side. The ossicle of the bone in the anterior ear is smooth and the sound is completed.

The outer layer of bone or periosteum makes the bone strong and well organized so that these tasks can be done smoothly. The inner layer Cambium helps in bone formation. The deepest layer is called the osteogenic layer.

Arrange Bone Marrow

In the marrow cavity, the center of the long long bone is filled with the spinal cord in the middle of the spongy bone spicules. Yellow marrow is mainly composed of fat cells or adipose tissue. They can all cause blood cells.

Bone Marrow ‘s job

1. To cause red blood cells to circulate in the bloodstream.
2. Reticulo works in the endothelial system.
3. 3. Osteogenic Function helps in bone growth and bone formation.
4. 4. Causes the body’s immunity.
5. When R.B.C is old, it also destroys this Bone Marrow called Erythroclasin.
6. Storage work: Stores iron and produces hemoglobin. This Bone Marrow created a new R.B.C by storing iron from the destroyed R.B.C.
7. Bone marrow also acts as connective tissue.

Types

1. Red or Bone Marrow – In the embryo, all the marrows are red. In old age, they are present only in the skull at the ends of the humerus and femur, in the bones of the chest and spine, and in the bones of the pelvis innominate.
2. Yellow sister marrow– Besides all other bones of the body there is yellow marrow or yellow marrow. These are more functional as has been said before in later life.

Calicification or ossification controller

The factors that control bone asphyxia are-

1. 1. Proteins, which are contained in cartilage. Calcium is stored in the form of Tricalcium Phosphate.
2. Calicification is more when the carbon dioxide tension in the blood decreases. When the protein concentration in the blood decreases, the carbon dioxide tension decreases.
3. Vitamin D is essential for Calicification. Vitamin D also tends to decrease in calicification.
4. 4. Vitamin C is a necessary factor. Vitamin C deficiency destroys osteocollagenous fibers and decreases bone organic matrix. As a result, the ossification is damaged.
5. Vitamin A deficiency reduces bone growth.
6. Anterior pituitary growth hormone directly participates in bone growth. If this hormone is secreted more, the person becomes very tall and if it is very low, it becomes very bet.
7. Parathyroid hormone Calcium and phosphorus are the main hormones in metabolism and are also directly involved in bone formation and growth.
8. Thyrocalcitonin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, works in bone formation by doing the exact opposite of the function of the parathyroid gland. If there is the noise of ossification, the bones can be seen to be crooked, chest, back, hands, feet, etc.
9. Lymphatic Tissue: These can be divided into several parts. Nodules without capsules are loose connective tissue. Lymphatic tissue with capsules. They are found in various places.
10. a) Lymph node.
11. b) Spleen
12. c) Thymus gland
13. d) Tonsils

payer’s patches etc. are capsules of lymphatic tissue.

The outer lining of the lymph glands, tonsils, etc. is made up of stratified epithelium. It sometimes has a crypt or hole or drain. Inside the capsule is lymphoid tissue. These tissues help in the formation of lymphocytes.

10. Jelly-like connective tissue: This type of tissue is seen in the umbilical cord of the baby in the fetal state. They are found in the vitreous humor of the only eye in a full-grown human body. Their job is to reduce the intensity of the light line and put it on the retina properly. As a result, the retina is not damaged by intense light. Their size is jelly type. It contains small cells and is interconnected by interlacing fine fibers.

Nerve tissue or nervous tissue

The nerve tissue is made up of all the nervous systems in the brain and throughout the body. All the nerves are connected to the brain. They work to convey messages. One type of nerve that carries the body’s message to the brain is called the sensory nerve and the other nerve carries the message from the brain to the body. He is called Motor Nerve. Moreover, there is the involuntary nerve, which works on its own in a natural way.

A nerve bundle holds many nerves together. This nerve is made up of nerves. These nerve fibers are specially made. A nerve cell contains the nucleus. Attached to it are many narrow nerve fibers. The name of the fibers is Dendrite. And along the nerve or axon is attached to the other side. This is called wrapping a coating around the axon. Neurolemma. Between these two is a covering, called the medallion sheath. Apart from that, it is like a knot after some distance. Its name is Node of Ranvier. These nerves are made by combining different cells. Gray matter is the gray matter that is seen inside all the major places in the nerve. The outer part is called white matter.

Clinical notes

For real bone growth or development, you need to eat a well-balanced diet. The most needed are calcium and phosphorus. An adult needs at least one gram of calcium daily. Women who are pregnant want more of them. That’s because their bodies need calcium for the baby as well as for his growth. So they want at least 1.5 to 2 grams of calcium per day.

But in the brain or cerebrum, it is the opposite. There is white matter inside and gray matter outside. Non-medullated fibers have no medullary sheath, only fibers, and neurolemma.

The foods that contain calcium are milk, lamb, cabbage, carrots, and other vegetables. Phosphorus is found in milk, hilsa fish, eggs, and fresh vegetables. I want vitamin D for pregnant women, I also want it for baby’s asphyxiation. Otherwise, they will have rickettsial disease. Osteomalacia is a disease in adults who are deficient in vitamin D. Only bones and teeth make up 90 percent of the body’s total calcium. So we need calcium and vitamin D for bone formation, growth, and proper structure and growth of teeth.

Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the skeleton and especially the spinal column, causing it to shrink in size. If the body is malnourished, in addition to feeding vitamin D to children, if they are infected with cod liver oil or mustard oil, their body will produce vitamin D and it will enter the body. It helps to cure rickets.

 

Acknowledgment

Many thanks to ( https://translate.google.com/?sl=bn&tl=en&op=translate ) for translating into English.

 

Reference

Physiology Education

Dr. S N Pandey

BSC, MBBS

 

FAQ for Bone structure

What is the structure of bone?

Bone is a complex and dynamic tissue composed mainly of two types of tissue: compact bone and spongy (cancellous) bone. Here’s a breakdown of their structure:

1. Compact Bone:
   • Also known as cortical bone.
   • Forms the dense outer layer of bones.
   • Composed of repeating structural units called osteons or Haversian systems.
   • Each osteon consists of concentric layers of mineralized matrix called lamellae, surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal) that contains blood vessels and nerves.
   • Between lamellae are small channels called canaliculi, which allow osteocytes (mature bone cells) to communicate and receive nutrients.
   • Osteocytes are housed in small cavities called lacunae within the lamellae.
2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone:
   • Found in the inner layer of bones, especially at the ends (epiphyses).
   • Composed of a lattice-like network of trabeculae, which are thin bony plates or rods.
   • Spaces between trabeculae are filled with bone marrow, a specialized tissue that produces blood cells.
   • Despite its lighter appearance compared to compact bone, spongy bone is strong and provides structural support while being lighter than compact bone.

Both types of bone tissue contain cells, fibers, and ground substance. The cells include osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and osteocytes (mature bone cells). The fibers, mainly collagen, provide tensile strength, while the ground substance, primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate), gives bone its hardness and rigidity.

What are the 4 bone structures? (Bone structure)

The four bone structures, also known as the four types of bones, are:

1. Long Bones:
   • Characterized by their elongated shape.
   • Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna.
   • Long bones typically have a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses) and are primarily found in the appendicular skeleton (limbs).
2. Short Bones:
   • Roughly cube-shaped.
   • Examples include the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals).
   • Short bones provide support and stability with limited movement and are found in the wrists and ankles.
3. Flat Bones:
   • Thin, flattened, and often curved.
   • Examples include the skull bones (parietal, frontal, occipital, etc.), ribs, and sternum.
   • Flat bones protect internal organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
4. Irregular Bones:
   • Have complex shapes that don’t fit into the other categories.
   • Examples include the vertebrae, facial bones (such as the mandible and maxilla), and some bones in the pelvis (such as the ischium and pubis).
   • Irregular bones serve various functions, including support, protection, and muscle attachment.

These classifications are based on the shape and general characteristics of bones, helping to categorize and understand the diversity of the skeletal system.

 

What are the 5 bone structures? (Bone structure)

Apologies for the confusion earlier. There are actually five primary bone structures, which are:

1. Long Bones:
   • These bones are longer than they are wide and are found in the appendicular skeleton (limbs). They consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna.
2. Short Bones:
   • Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and provide stability and support with limited movement. They are found in the wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals).
3. Flat Bones:
   • Flat bones are thin and generally curved, providing protection to internal organs and serving as sites for muscle attachment. Examples include the skull bones (parietal, frontal, occipital, etc.), ribs, and sternum.
4. Irregular Bones:
   • Irregular bones have complex shapes that don’t fit into the other categories. They serve various functions, including support, protection, and muscle attachment. Examples include the vertebrae, facial bones (mandible, maxilla, etc.), and some bones in the pelvis (ischium, pubis, etc.).
5. Sesamoid Bones:
   • Sesamoid bones are small, round bones embedded within tendons or joint capsules. They protect tendons from excessive wear and tear and can alter the angle of tendons to increase their mechanical advantage. The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, but others can be found in the hands, feet, and other joints.

These five bone structures provide the framework and support necessary for bodily movement, protection of vital organs, and the production of blood cells.

 

What are the 4 main components of bone? (Bone structure)

The four main components of bone tissue are:

1. Cells:
   • Osteoblasts: Responsible for bone formation by secreting collagen and other organic components that form the bone matrix.
   • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells embedded within the bone matrix. They maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral homeostasis.
   • Osteoclasts: Specialized cells responsible for bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue and releasing minerals into the bloodstream.
2. Extracellular Matrix:
   • Organic Matrix: Composed mainly of collagen fibers, primarily type I collagen. These fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone.
   • Inorganic Matrix: Primarily hydroxyapatite crystals, which are calcium phosphate salts. These crystals provide the bone with its hardness and rigidity.
3. Ground Substance:
   • A gel-like substance that fills the spaces between the collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. It consists of water, electrolytes, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and other molecules. The ground substance contributes to the resilience and compressive strength of bone.
4. Blood Vessels and Nerves:
   • Blood vessels penetrate the bone tissue, supplying oxygen and nutrients to bone cells and removing metabolic waste products.
   • Nerves innervate the bone tissue, providing sensory information and controlling blood vessel diameter and bone remodeling processes.

These components work together to maintain the structural integrity, strength, and function of bones, which support the body, protect vital organs, facilitate movement, and participate in mineral storage and blood cell production.

What is type 4 bone? (Bone structure)

Type 4 bone, also known as woven bone, is a temporary form of bone tissue that forms rapidly during the initial stages of bone repair or development. It is characterized by its haphazard arrangement of collagen fibers and lacks the organized lamellar structure found in mature bone tissue.

Here are some key characteristics of type 4 (woven) bone:

1. Collagen Fiber Arrangement: The collagen fibers in woven bone are irregularly oriented in multiple directions, giving it a woven or mesh-like appearance under the microscope.
2. Cellular Activity: Woven bone typically contains a high number of osteocytes and osteoblasts actively involved in bone formation and remodeling.
3. Strength and Stability: While woven bone is formed quickly and provides temporary structural support during bone repair or growth, it is not as strong or mechanically stable as mature lamellar bone.
4. Transformation: Woven bone is eventually replaced by lamellar bone through a process called remodeling. This process involves the gradual deposition of lamellar bone by osteoblasts and the removal of woven bone by osteoclasts.

Woven bone is commonly found in embryonic skeletons during fetal development and in the initial stages of fracture healing, where rapid bone formation is required to stabilize the injury site. Over time, as the bone undergoes remodeling, woven bone is gradually replaced by stronger and more organized lamellar bone.

What are the 14 phalanges? (Bone structure)

The phalanges are the bones that form the fingers and toes. There are 14 phalanges in each hand and foot, divided into three groups: proximal, middle, and distal. Here’s the breakdown:

1. Thumb (Pollex):
   • Each thumb has two phalanges: a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx.
2. Fingers (Digits 2-5):
   • Each finger (digit) has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.
   • So, for each finger, there are three phalanges, making a total of 3 × 4 = 12 phalanges for digits 2-5.

Therefore, in total, each hand has 2 (thumb) + 12 (fingers) = 14 phalanges.

The same applies to the toes. Each foot also has 14 phalanges, with the big toe (hallux) having two phalanges and each of the other four toes having three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal).

What are the 7 functions of bones? (Bone structure)

Bones serve numerous essential functions in the body, contributing to overall structure, support, protection, movement, and physiological processes. Here are seven key functions of bones:

1. Support:
   • Bones provide structural support for the body, serving as the framework that holds the body upright and maintains its shape. They provide a rigid structure for muscles, tendons, and ligaments to attach to and facilitate movement.
2. Protection:
   • Bones protect vital organs and soft tissues from injury and damage. For example, the skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects the heart and lungs, and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3. Movement:
   • Bones, in conjunction with muscles, facilitate movement by acting as levers and providing attachment points for muscles. When muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing movement at joints.
4. Mineral Storage:
   • Bones serve as a reservoir for essential minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are stored in the bone matrix and can be released into the bloodstream as needed to maintain proper levels in the body.
5. Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis):
   • Within the bone marrow, a soft tissue found within the cavities of certain bones, hematopoietic stem cells produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through a process called hematopoiesis. This process occurs primarily in the red bone marrow of flat bones and the ends of long bones.
6. Energy Storage:
   • In addition to minerals, bones store energy in the form of lipids (fats) within the yellow bone marrow. This energy reserve can be mobilized during times of fasting or increased energy demands.
7. Endocrine Regulation:
   • Bones play a role in the endocrine system by releasing hormones that regulate various physiological processes. For example, osteoblasts produce osteocalcin, a hormone involved in bone formation and regulation of blood sugar levels.

These functions collectively contribute to the overall health, stability, and function of the skeletal system and the body as a whole.

What are the 206 bones called? (Bone structure)

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. While listing all 206 bones here would be extensive, I can provide a summary of the major bones grouped by region:

1. Axial Skeleton (80 bones):
   • Skull (including cranial bones and facial bones)
   • Hyoid bone
   • Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
   • Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae)
   • Ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs)
   • Sternum (breastbone)
2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones):
   • Upper Limbs: Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
   • Lower Limbs: Pelvic girdle (hip bones: ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
3. Other Bones:
   • Sesamoid bones (such as the patella)
   • Various small bones in the hands, feet, and other regions.

These are the major bones of the human skeleton, with some bones grouped together based on their location and function. Each bone plays a specific role in providing support, protection, and movement to the body.

 

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